Causes of Male Infertility

Disruptions in Sperm Production

A spermogram assesses male fertility.
The essential parameters are:

• sperm count
• sperm motility 
• sperm morphology.

Low sperm count:  OLIGOZOOSPERMY
Few sperm with high motility:  ASTHENOZOOSPERMY
Few sperm with normal morphology:  TERATOZOOSPERMY
Disturbance of all three parameters:  OAT-Syndrom

Other factors may lead to limited fertility:

• undescended testicle
• varicocele
• mumps
• hormone imbalances
• inflammation
• stress
• alcohol and nicotine use
• environment pollution
• diabetes
• operated tumors, chemotherapy, radiotherapy
• genetic causes (e.g.: Klinefelter's Syndrome)

Disruptions in Sperm Transfer

Even when a sufficient amount of viable sperm is produced, the pathway might still be blocked. The result is a lack of sperm in ejaculation (Azoospermia).
Causes:

• blockage of the spermatic duct due to inflammation
• sterilization (vasectomy) 

In rare cases, spermatic ducts never form.

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